Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia, previously known as toxemia of pregnancy, is a condition that can seriously complicate pregnancy. It can develop unexpectedly in an otherwise healthy woman, most commonly after the sixth month of pregnancy. It affects approximately 6–8% of pregnant women, making the pregnancy high-risk and requiring more frequent monitoring and check-ups. The condition may worsen towards the end of pregnancy.
What is preeclampsia in pregnancy?
Preeclampsia occurs most often in first pregnancies, in women with a personal or family history of preeclampsia, in women under 20 or over 40 years of age, in obese women, in multiple pregnancies, and in women with gestational diabetes (GDM). Other risk factors include previous conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, migraines, liver or kidney disease, and high blood pressure.
Symptoms of preeclampsia during pregnancy
- High blood pressure. This is usually the first symptom. Repeated measurements show blood pressure above 140/90.
- Protein in the urine. A 24-hour urine collection is usually performed, often during hospitalization.
- Swelling of the legs that persists after overnight rest, swelling of the face, and similar symptoms.
- Recurring severe headaches.
- Visual disturbances and sensitivity to light, often including "spots" or flashing lights before the eyes.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Restlessness and nervousness.
- Pain under the ribs, around the stomach area, or in the upper abdomen.
- Excessive weight gain (more than 1 kg per week).
How is preeclampsia diagnosed?
Women often do not notice the onset of preeclampsia, and the condition is frequently discovered during a routine prenatal check-up when protein in the urine or unusually high blood pressure is detected. Diagnosis requires repeated blood pressure measurements of 140/90 or higher and confirmation of protein in the urine. Blood tests to assess liver and kidney function are also commonly performed.
Complications of preeclampsia during pregnancy
Possible complications of preeclampsia include eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, placental insufficiency, and placental abruption.
Eclampsia
Eclampsia is a condition involving seizures similar to epileptic fits, reduced oxygen supply to the brain, and subsequent loss of consciousness. It is a life-threatening condition for both mother and baby.
HELLP syndrome
HELLP syndrome causes the breakdown of red blood cells, elevated liver enzymes, reduced platelet count, and blood clotting disorders. This condition is dangerous for both mother and baby.
Placental insufficiency and placental abruption
Placental insufficiency can lead to restricted fetal growth, low birth weight, preterm birth, or even fetal death. Placental abruption may cause severe bleeding that can endanger the lives of both mother and baby.
Treatment of preeclampsia during pregnancy
The only definitive treatment for preeclampsia is delivery. If the pregnancy has not yet reached term, doctors usually try to control blood pressure with medication and administer magnesium. In most cases, the goal is to prolong the pregnancy safely until delivery, while monitoring blood flow through the umbilical cord. If the mother's or baby's condition deteriorates, early delivery may become necessary. In such cases, corticosteroids may be administered to accelerate fetal lung development. If the condition of the mother or baby is severe, delivery is usually performed by cesarean section.
FAQ: Preeclampsia during pregnancy
What is preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized mainly by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine.
What are the symptoms of preeclampsia?
The most common symptoms include high blood pressure, swelling, headaches, visual disturbances, nausea, and excessive weight gain.
When does preeclampsia occur during pregnancy?
Preeclampsia most commonly develops after the 20th week of pregnancy, usually after the sixth month.
Can preeclampsia harm the baby?
Yes. Preeclampsia can lead to placental insufficiency, restricted fetal growth, preterm birth, and other serious complications.
How is preeclampsia treated?
The only definitive treatment for preeclampsia is delivery. Until then, treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure and closely monitoring both mother and baby.
In high-risk pregnancies and during frequent medical check-ups, many women appreciate having comfortable maternity nightgowns and pajamas, which can be used during pregnancy and later during a hospital stay.